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Bent-Over Row

Draftstrength50%intermediatemoderate evidence
View FHIR resourceFHIR R4 ActivityDefinition — the interoperable form of this exercise

Positions & Range of Motion

Start
standing, feet hip-width with soft knees, hip-hinged to roughly 30-45° of trunk inclination with a neutral spine, arms hanging holding a barbell or dumbbells
End
load pulled toward the lower ribs/upper abdomen with elbows driven back toward the pockets and shoulder blades squeezed together, trunk angle unchanged
Range of Motion
elbow flexion with scapular retraction and shoulder extension — load travels from full hang to lower ribs while the hip-hinge position is held constant

How to Perform

Stand holding a barbell or dumbbells, hinge at the hips to roughly 30-45 degrees of trunk inclination with a neutral spine and soft knees, and let the arms hang. Pull the load toward the lower ribs/upper abdomen by driving the elbows back and squeezing the shoulder blades together, then lower under control to full elbow extension without losing the hinge position.

Watch on YouTube

Opens a YouTube search for “Bent-Over Row

Equipment:barbelldumbbells
Starting position: standing

Coaching Cues

  1. 1

    Hinge at the hips and push your hips back until your torso is about 30-45 degrees over the floor, chest proud, spine long.

    (setup)
  2. 2

    Imagine squeezing an orange between your shoulder blades as you pull the weight to your lower ribs.

    (external-focus)
  3. 3

    Drive your elbows toward the back pockets rather than curling with the hands.

    (external-focus)
  4. 4

    Keep the torso angle frozen — if you have to heave upright to finish the rep, the load is too heavy.

    (fault-correction)

Evidence-Based Dosing & EMG Data

Recommended Dosing

For strength: 2-4 sets of 6-12 repetitions, 2-3 sessions per week, consistent with general resistance-training guidelines (e.g., ACSM progression recommendations); progress load when all reps are completed with a stable trunk position.

EMG Activation Data

Surface EMG comparisons of rowing variants (e.g., work from McGill's group comparing bent-over, inverted, and one-arm cable rows) show the bent-over row produces high activation of the latissimus dorsi, middle trapezius, and scapular retractors, together with substantial isometric thoracolumbar erector spinae activity and among the highest lumbar spine compressive loads of common rowing exercises because the trunk must be held cantilevered against the external load. Elbow flexor (biceps brachii/brachialis) activity is moderate and grip-dependent, and posterior deltoid contribution increases as the elbow path widens toward horizontal abduction. Chest-supported variants show similar upper-back activation with markedly lower spinal loading, which is the basis for using them as a regression.

Muscles Involved (20)

Primary Movers

Latissimus DorsiPrime mover for glenohumeral extension/adduction, drawing the humerus back toward the trunk
Middle TrapeziusScapular retraction through the pull
Rhomboid MajorScapular retraction and downward-rotation control with middle trapezius

Secondary Movers

Posterior DeltoidShoulder extension/horizontal abduction, especially with a wider high-elbow path
Teres MajorAssists latissimus in shoulder extension and adduction
Biceps BrachiiElbow flexion during the pull; contribution rises with supinated grip
BrachialisElbow flexion regardless of grip orientation

Stabilizers

Teres MinorGlenohumeral stabilization with infraspinatus
Gluteus MaximusIsometric hip control holding the hinge
Transversus AbdominisTrunk bracing/intra-abdominal pressure in the hinged position
Flexor Digitorum ProfundusIsometric grip on the bar or dumbbells
Flexor Digitorum SuperficialisIsometric grip on the bar or dumbbells
InfraspinatusPosterior rotator cuff centering the humeral head during loaded extension
Erector Spinae GroupHigh isometric demand holding the hinged trunk against the load moment arm
MultifidusSegmental lumbar stabilization in the hinge
Hamstrings (Group)Isometric hip-extension torque maintaining the hinge position

Lengthened / Stretched

Pectoralis MajorAnterior chest lengthens as the shoulders extend and scapulae retract at the top
Anterior DeltoidAntagonist lengthened at end-range shoulder extension

Synergists & Assistors

Lower TrapeziusSynergistAssists retraction and resists shrugging during the pull
BrachioradialisSynergistElbow flexion, prominent with neutral/pronated grip

Easier Variations ↓

1

Chest-Supported Dumbbell Row

Perform the row prone on an incline bench so the bench, not the spine and hips, resists the trunk moment — removes the hinge-endurance demand and lumbar load.

2

Single-Arm Dumbbell Row (Bench-Supported)

One knee and hand on a bench, row a dumbbell with the free arm; the tripod support reduces spinal loading and lets the lifter learn the pull pattern unilaterally.

Harder Variations ↑

1

Pendlay Row

Row a barbell from a dead stop on the floor each rep with a near-horizontal torso — increases range of motion, eliminates stretch-shortening assistance, and raises trunk-stability demand.

2

Heavy Barbell Row with Tempo Eccentric

Increase load toward 6RM range and add a 3-4 second controlled lowering phase to increase mechanical tension on the pulling musculature and hinge stabilizers.

Target Movements (4)

Shoulder ExtensionGlenohumeral Joint
Scapular RetractionScapulothoracic Articulation
Elbow FlexionHumeroulnar Joint

Why This Exercise Matters

Everyday activities this exercise helps you do — essential means it directly trains the capacity the task needs:

Goals This Helps With

Rehab, performance, prevention, and mobility goals this exercise supports — essential means it's a cornerstone:

Research Notes

claude-researched 2026-07; muscle/movement links validated against the roster. Adversarial clinical verification pending — do not promote past needs_review without human review.