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Erector Spinae Group

Group of muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) running along the vertebral column. Primary trunk extensors. Thoracic fibers contribute 50% of total extensor moment at L4-L5; at upper lumbar levels, thoracic fibers contribute 70-86%.

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Anatomy

Origin: Iliocostalis lumborum: ilium, erector spinae aponeurosis, L1-4 transverse/accessory processes; Longissimus thoracis: ilium, lumbar intermuscular aponeurosis, erector spinae aponeurosis
Insertion: Iliocostalis: costal elements of L1-4, lower ribs; Longissimus: accessory and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, lower thoracic vertebrae and ribs
Action: Bilateral: trunk extension, maintains upright posture; Unilateral: lateral flexion; portions have appreciable potential to generate torque about all three orthopedic axes
Innervation: Iliocostalis: lateral branches of lumbar dorsal rami; Longissimus: intermediate branches of lumbar dorsal rami
Blood Supply: Lumbar arteries, posterior intercostal arteries

Movements (9)

Movement	Joint	Role	Notes
Lumbar Lateral Flexion	Lumbar Intervertebral Joints	Primary	Ipsilateral; iliocostalis force direction ~±90° from sagittal
Thoracic Extension	Thoracic Intervertebral Joints	Primary	Thoracic portions: 64.9 ± 27.1% MVC in prone extension [De Ridder 2013]
Thoracic Lateral Flexion	Thoracic Intervertebral Joints	Primary	Ipsilateral
Lumbar Extension	Lumbar Intervertebral Joints	Primary	Thoracic fibers: 50% of L4-L5 moment, 70-86% at upper lumbar levels
Cervical Extension	Cervical Intervertebral Joints (C2-C7)	Secondary	Cervical portion (longissimus cervicis)
Lumbar Rotation	Lumbar Intervertebral Joints	Secondary	Portions have appreciable rotational torque potential
Hip Extension	Hip Joint (Coxofemoral)	Stabilizer	Maintains trunk extension
Hip Flexion	Hip Joint (Coxofemoral)	Stabilizer	Eccentric control of trunk
Knee Extension	Tibiofemoral Joint	Stabilizer	Trunk stability during squatting

Exercises (94)

Exercise	Role
Schroth-Based Three-Dimensional Exercises	Primary
Farmer's Carry (Loaded Carry)	Primary
Isometric Neck Strengthening (4 Directions)	Primary
Thoracic Extension/Rotation Mobilization	Primary
Backpack Weighted Carry	Primary
Bird Dog to Elbow-Knee	Primary
Active Anterior Pelvic Tilt	Primary
Cat-Cow	Primary
Kettlebell Good Morning	Primary
Cervicothoracic Self-Mobilization	Primary
Superman	Primary
Thoracic Spine Foam Rolling	Primary
Cobra Pose	Primary
Bird Dog Exercise	Primary
Standing Lumbar Extension	Primary
Thoracic Extension with Hip Hinge on Wall	Secondary
Hip Hinge / Deadlift Pattern	Secondary
Pelvic Realignment Exercises (Pelvic Tilts)	Secondary
Kettlebell Swing (Two-Hand)	Secondary
Prone Cervical Extension	Secondary
Seated Trunk Rotation	Secondary
Walking Lunges with Trunk Rotation	Secondary
Bent-Over Row	Stabilizer
Lat Pulldown	Stabilizer
Seated Cable Row	Stabilizer
Pull-Up	Stabilizer
Dumbbell Shoulder Press	Stabilizer
Lateral Raise	Stabilizer
Face Pull	Stabilizer
Biceps Curl	Stabilizer
Reverse Lunge	Stabilizer
Leg Curl	Stabilizer
Hip Thrust	Stabilizer
Romanian Deadlift	Stabilizer
Russian Twist	Stabilizer
Mountain Climber	Stabilizer
Burpee	Stabilizer
Jumping Jack	Stabilizer
Jump Squat	Stabilizer
Wall Sit	Stabilizer
Bear Crawl	Stabilizer
Downward Dog (Adho Mukha Svanasana)	Stabilizer
Doorway Isometric Row	Stabilizer
Chair-Supported Single-Leg Balance	Stabilizer
Tandem Stance Balance	Stabilizer
Towel Row	Stabilizer
Prone Press-Up (McKenzie)	Stabilizer
Bodyweight Hip Hinge	Stabilizer
Wall Sit Isometric	Stabilizer
Countertop-Supported Squat	Stabilizer
Standing Hip Hike	Stabilizer
Squat	Stabilizer
Sit-to-Stand	Stabilizer
Diaphragmatic / Rib Expansion Breathing Exercises	Stabilizer
Side Plank (Lateral Bridge)	Stabilizer
Pallof Press (Anti-Rotation)	Stabilizer
Power Clean (Hang Variation)	Stabilizer
Open Book Stretch (Thoracic Rotation)	Stabilizer
Turkish Get-Up	Stabilizer
Front Plank and Variations	Stabilizer
Side Plank with Hip Abduction	Stabilizer
Quadruped Rockback	Stabilizer
Foam Roller Bridge	Stabilizer
Single Leg Hip Hinge with Bench	Stabilizer
Nordic Hamstring Curl	Stabilizer
Single-Leg Sit-to-Stand	Stabilizer
Wall Angel	Stabilizer
Back Squat (Barbell)	Stabilizer
Front Squat	Stabilizer
Goblet Squat	Stabilizer
Barbell Bench Press	Stabilizer
Barbell Row	Stabilizer
90/90 Hip Internal Rotation Stretch	Stabilizer
Prone Hip Extension (Active, Slow Tempo)	Stabilizer
Seated Figure-4 Stretch	Stabilizer
Standing Figure-4 Stretch	Stabilizer
Standing Hamstring Stretch (Foot on Step)	Stabilizer
Standing Hip Circles	Stabilizer
Standing IT Band / Lateral Chain Stretch	Stabilizer
Standing Quad Stretch	Stabilizer
Bridge	Stabilizer
Prone Y-T-W Raise	Stabilizer
Towel Hamstring Curl	Stabilizer
Wall Ball Squat	Stabilizer
Step-Up on Stairs	Stabilizer
Deep Neck Extensor Endurance	Synergist
World's Greatest Stretch	Synergist
Pelvic Clock Mobilization	Synergist
Crunch	lengthening
Hollow Body Hold	lengthening
Mindfulness-Integrated Stretching	lengthening
Sit-Up	lengthening
Legs-Up-the-Wall	lengthening
Hanging Leg Raise	lengthening

Sources

Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for Rehabilitation — Anatomy of Erector Spinae Group — origin, insertion, action, innervation
Muscles: Testing and Function with Posture and Pain — Manual muscle testing for Erector Spinae Group