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Prone Y-T-W Raise

Draftstrength55%beginnermoderate evidence
View FHIR resourceFHIR R4 ActivityDefinition — the interoperable form of this exercise

Why Include This

This is a foundational home exercise for people with scapular dyskinesis, rounded-shoulder posture, or subacromial/rotator-cuff-related shoulder pain, where the goal is to strengthen the scapular upward rotators and posterior cuff while down-training an overactive upper trapezius. Surface-EMG research on prone scapular exercises (e.g., the body of work by Ekstrom and colleagues in JOSPT and by Cools and colleagues on scapular rehabilitation) consistently shows that prone arm raises at these arm angles elicit high lower- and middle-trapezius and rotator-cuff activation with a favorable lower-trap-to-upper-trap ratio — the pattern clinicians target to restore balanced scapular control. The evidence is strongest at the level of muscle-activation (EMG) and expert consensus; direct randomized outcome trials for this specific three-position drill are more limited, so it is best framed as a well-supported activation and motor-control exercise rather than a proven stand-alone cure. Because it needs no equipment and is easy to self-dose, it is a practical daily posture/shoulder-health drill for a home program.

Evidence basis: moderate

Positions & Range of Motion

Start
Prone, forehead down, ribs relaxed on the floor, arms hanging off the sides, thumbs pointing up
End
Arms lifted a few inches to trace Y (overhead V), then T (straight out), then W (elbows bent toward ribs), each led by the shoulder blades and paused ~2 s
Range of Motion
Arms lift only a few inches; sequential scapular retraction/depression and upward rotation through Y, T, and W positions

How to Perform

Lie face down on the floor (a carpet or exercise mat for comfort), arms hanging off to the sides. With thumbs pointing up, lift the arms just off the ground to trace three shapes in sequence — a Y (arms overhead in a wide V), a T (arms straight out to the sides), and a W (elbows bent, drawn down toward the ribs) — leading each lift with the shoulder blades rather than the hands. No equipment beyond the floor is needed.

Watch on YouTube

Opens a YouTube search for “Prone Y-T-W Raise

Equipment:floormat
Starting position: prone

Coaching Cues

  1. 1

    Before you lift, gently glide your shoulder blades down and back toward your opposite hip pockets — start the motion from the blades, not the hands.

    (verbal)
  2. 2

    Keep thumbs pointing to the ceiling so the shoulders stay externally rotated, and lift the arms only a few inches — height comes from the scapula, not from swinging the arm.

    (verbal)
  3. 3

    Keep your neck long with your forehead down and your ribs relaxed onto the floor; do not shrug toward your ears or arch your low back to cheat the lift.

    (verbal)
  4. 4

    Move slowly and pause about 2 seconds at the top of each letter — Y, then T, then W — lowering with control between each.

    (verbal)

Evidence-Based Dosing & EMG Data

Recommended Dosing

2-3 sets of 8-12 slow repetitions of the full Y-T-W sequence (or per letter), with a 2-second hold at the top of each position, performed 3-4 days per week. Progress by lengthening the holds before adding light external load.

EMG Activation Data

Prone arm raises at these angles are used specifically to bias the lower and middle trapezius and posterior rotator cuff while keeping upper-trapezius activity low (favorable lower-trap/upper-trap ratio). The 'thumbs up, no shrug, lead with the shoulder blade' cueing is what shifts activation toward the intended stabilizers; letting the shoulders shrug recruits the upper trapezius and defeats the purpose.

Muscles Involved (11)

Primary Movers

Lower TrapeziusScapular upward rotation/depression; key target especially in the Y. High EMG in prone raises.
Middle TrapeziusScapular retraction, dominant in the T position.
Posterior DeltoidShoulder horizontal abduction/extension driving the arm lift in T and W.

Secondary Movers

Teres MinorExternal-rotation partner to infraspinatus during the W.
InfraspinatusExternal rotation, emphasized in the W and stabilizing the humeral head.
SupraspinatusContributes to humeral elevation/abduction in the Y and T.

Stabilizers

Erector Spinae GroupHolds a neutral, gently extended prone trunk so lift comes from the shoulder girdle, not lumbar hyperextension.
Upper TrapeziusIntentionally minimized ('no shrug') to bias lower trapezius; retained as stabilizer since no antagonist/down-trained role label is available.

Lengthened / Stretched

Pectoralis MajorStretched antagonist as the arms move into horizontal abduction and external rotation.

Synergists & Assistors

Serratus AnteriorSynergistCouples with lower trapezius for scapular upward rotation in the overhead Y; note EMG activation in prone is typically modest, so synergist (not higher) is appropriate.
Rhomboid MajorSynergistAssists scapular retraction and downward rotation in the T and W.

Easier Variations ↓

1

One letter at a time, no hold

Perform only the T (or whichever position is easiest and pain-free) for a set, lifting just an inch and lowering immediately without the isometric hold, until endurance and control improve.

2

Standing wall version

Stand facing a wall and slide the arms into the Y, T, and W shapes against the wall (like a wall slide). Reducing the effect of gravity lowers the load while grooving the same scapular pattern.

Harder Variations ↑

1

Longer isometric holds

Increase the hold at the top of each letter to 5-10 seconds, building lower-trapezius endurance without adding load.

2

Add light household weights

Hold a small filled water bottle or light can in each hand, or perform the raises chest-supported over the edge of a bed or bench for greater range, increasing resistance as control is maintained.

Target Movements (7)

Shoulder FlexionGlenohumeral Joint
Shoulder ExtensionGlenohumeral Joint
Shoulder External RotationGlenohumeral Joint
Scapular RetractionScapulothoracic Articulation
Scapular Upward RotationScapulothoracic Articulation
Scapular DepressionScapulothoracic Articulation

Why This Exercise Matters

Everyday activities this exercise helps you do — essential means it directly trains the capacity the task needs:

Goals This Helps With

Rehab, performance, prevention, and mobility goals this exercise supports — essential means it's a cornerstone:

Research Notes

claude-researched 2026-07 (home/bodyweight), panel-verified muscle roles + rationale. Sources not yet linked.