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Downward Dog (Adho Mukha Svanasana)

Draftstretch50%beginnerlimited evidence
View FHIR resourceFHIR R4 ActivityDefinition — the interoperable form of this exercise

Positions & Range of Motion

Start
quadruped with hands under the shoulders, fingers spread and rooted, toes tucked under
End
hips lifted up and back into an inverted V, arms and spine forming one long line, sit bones reaching toward the ceiling, heels sinking toward the floor, head relaxed between the upper arms
Range of Motion
sustained hold — overhead shoulder flexion, deep hip flexion, and knee/ankle extension taken to a neutral-spine end range

How to Perform

From hands-and-knees, tuck the toes and lift the hips up and back until the body forms an inverted V, arms and spine in one long line and knees softly extending. Press the floor away through spread fingers, reach the sit bones toward the ceiling, and let the heels sink toward the floor only as far as a neutral spine allows. Hold while breathing steadily, keeping the head relaxed between the upper arms.

Watch on YouTube

Opens a YouTube search for “Downward Dog (Adho Mukha Svanasana)

Equipment:yoga mat (optional)
Starting position: quadruped

Coaching Cues

  1. 1

    Press the floor away from you and reach your hips up and back toward the wall behind you.

    (external)
  2. 2

    Spread your fingers wide and root down through the knuckles so the wrists share the load.

    (external)
  3. 3

    Bend your knees as much as you need to keep your back long — hips high beats heels down.

    (internal)
  4. 4

    Let your head hang relaxed between your arms, ears in line with your upper arms.

    (external)

Evidence-Based Dosing & EMG Data

Recommended Dosing

Hold 20-30 seconds (about 5 slow breaths) for 3-5 repetitions, most days of the week if used for hamstring/calf flexibility — consistent with general static-stretching dosage literature (30 s holds, repeated). No pose-specific dose-response trials exist, so strengthening-oriented flow dosing is by convention rather than evidence.

EMG Activation Data

Small surface-EMG studies of hatha yoga poses (mostly in healthy adults, including older adults in the Yoga Empowers Seniors Study line of work) report low-to-moderate activation in downward dog: notable serratus anterior and trapezius activity from the weight-bearing upward-rotated scapula, moderate triceps and anterior deltoid activity, and modest erector spinae and abdominal activity for trunk control. Force-plate work shows roughly 55-65 percent of body weight borne through the upper limbs, which is why it is used to build wrist and shoulder weight-bearing tolerance. Hamstring and triceps surae activity is minimal — those muscles are primarily on stretch. Samples are small and protocols heterogeneous, so treat the numbers as indicative rather than definitive.

Muscles Involved (20)

Primary Movers

Anterior DeltoidHolds the shoulders in loaded overhead flexion against body weight in the closed-chain hold.
Serratus AnteriorDrives scapular upward rotation and protraction; the 'press the floor away' action targets it.
Triceps BrachiiIsometrically maintains elbow extension under body weight.

Secondary Movers

Lower TrapeziusAssists upward rotation and keeps the scapulae depressed away from the ears.
Upper TrapeziusPart of the upward-rotation force couple holding the scapula overhead (partly downregulated by the depression cue).
Quadriceps FemorisActive knee extension lifts the kneecaps, shares lower-limb load, and reciprocally deepens the hamstring stretch.

Stabilizers

InfraspinatusCenters the humeral head in weight-bearing shoulder flexion.
Erector Spinae GroupMaintains a long, neutral-to-slightly-extended spine against gravity.
Transversus AbdominisDeep trunk control so the ribs don't flare in the inverted position.
Rectus AbdominisAnterior trunk support limiting rib flare and lumbar hyperextension.
Flexor Digitorum SuperficialisGripping through the fingers protects the wrist in loaded extension.

Lengthened / Stretched

Hamstrings (Group)Loaded stretch from combined hip flexion and knee extension; the usual limiter of the pose.
GastrocnemiusStretched as heels reach toward the floor with knees extended (two-joint stretch).
SoleusStretched in dorsiflexion, especially with bent-knee variations.
Gluteus MaximusElongated over the deeply flexed hip.
Latissimus DorsiStretched by full overhead shoulder flexion; tight lats show up as a rounded upper back here.
Pectoralis MajorSternal/sternocostal fibers lengthen at end-range overhead reach.

Easier Variations ↓

1

Wall Downward Dog

Hands on a wall or countertop at hip height, hinge at the hips and walk back until the spine is long. Greatly reduces upper-limb load and hamstring demand; ideal for wrist pain, shoulder limitation, or contraindicated inversion.

2

Bent-Knee Downward Dog

Perform the full pose with knees generously bent and heels lifted, prioritizing a long spine and hip flexion over knee extension. Suits tight hamstrings and calves.

Harder Variations ↑

1

Three-Legged Dog

From the pose, extend one leg toward the ceiling while keeping the pelvis level. Adds single-limb load, hip-extensor work on the lifted side, and anti-rotation trunk demand.

2

Down Dog to Plank Flow / Pike Push-Up

Rhythmically shift between downward dog and high plank, or bend the elbows in the pike position and press back up. Adds dynamic serratus, deltoid, and triceps strengthening toward overhead-pressing capacity.

Target Movements (7)

Shoulder FlexionGlenohumeral Joint
Elbow ExtensionHumeroulnar Joint
Scapular Upward RotationScapulothoracic Articulation
Hip FlexionHip Joint (Coxofemoral)
Knee ExtensionTibiofemoral Joint
Ankle DorsiflexionTalocrural Joint
Wrist ExtensionRadiocarpal Joint

Why This Exercise Matters

Everyday activities this exercise helps you do — essential means it directly trains the capacity the task needs:

Goals This Helps With

Rehab, performance, prevention, and mobility goals this exercise supports — essential means it's a cornerstone:

Research Notes

claude-researched 2026-07; muscle/movement links validated against the roster. Adversarial clinical verification pending — do not promote past needs_review without human review.