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Superman

Draftstrength50%intermediatelimited evidence
View FHIR resourceFHIR R4 ActivityDefinition — the interoperable form of this exercise

Positions & Range of Motion

Start
prone, arms extended overhead, legs straight, neck neutral with gaze at the floor
End
arms, chest, and legs lifted a few centimeters off the floor via spinal and hip extension, held briefly, neck in line with spine
Range of Motion
low-amplitude thoracolumbar and hip extension (a few centimeters of lift), brief isometric hold at end range

How to Perform

Lie prone with arms extended overhead and legs straight. Simultaneously lift both arms, chest, and both legs a few centimeters off the floor by extending the spine and hips, keeping the neck neutral (gaze at the floor), hold briefly, then lower with control.

Watch on YouTube

Opens a YouTube search for “Superman

Equipment:mat (optional)
Starting position: prone

Coaching Cues

  1. 1

    Squeeze your glutes first, then lift arms and legs together.

    (internal)
  2. 2

    Reach long through your fingertips and toes, as if being pulled from both ends.

    (external)
  3. 3

    Keep your nose pointed at the floor so your neck stays in line with your spine.

    (internal)
  4. 4

    Think 'long and low' — a few centimeters of lift, not maximum height.

    (external)

Evidence-Based Dosing & EMG Data

EMG Activation Data

Surface EMG studies of prone trunk-extension exercises consistently show moderate-to-high activation of the lumbar and thoracic erector spinae and multifidus, with concurrent gluteus maximus and hamstring activity when the legs are lifted. Biomechanical modeling work (notably Stuart McGill's spine-loading research) has estimated that the full bilateral superman imposes among the highest lumbar compressive loads of common trunk-extensor exercises — on the order of several thousand newtons — which is why bird dog is generally preferred early in low-back rehabilitation and superman is reserved for asymptomatic or later-stage patients. Lifting the arms overhead in prone also produces meaningful lower trapezius and posterior deltoid activity, similar to a prone Y raise.

Muscles Involved (12)

Primary Movers

Erector Spinae GroupMain driver of trunk extension against gravity; longissimus and iliocostalis work along the full thoracolumbar spine.
Gluteus MaximusExtends the hips to lift the legs; cueing a glute squeeze before lifting reduces reliance on lumbar hyperextension.

Secondary Movers

Hamstrings (Group)Assist hip extension while the knees stay straight.
Lower TrapeziusUpwardly rotates and posteriorly tilts the scapula to stabilize it for the overhead arm position (does not itself lift the arm).
Posterior DeltoidRaises the overhead arms off the floor against gravity in the prone position, working with the scapular muscles.
MultifidusSegmental extensor and stabilizer of the lumbar spine during the hold.

Stabilizers

Transversus AbdominisGentle abdominal brace protects the lumbar spine and limits excessive extension.
Quadratus LumborumFrontal-plane stabilizer of the lumbar spine and pelvis during the bilateral lift.

Lengthened / Stretched

Rectus AbdominisAnterior trunk is lengthened as the spine extends.
IliopsoasHip flexors are stretched as the hips extend from the prone position.

Synergists & Assistors

Middle TrapeziusSynergistAssists scapular retraction/control as the arms lift.
Semispinalis ThoracisSynergistContributes to thoracic extension.

Easier Variations ↓

1

Bird Dog

Quadruped opposite arm and leg raise trains the same posterior chain with far lower lumbar compressive load; the preferred entry point for back-pain patients.

2

Prone Alternating Arm/Leg Raise

From prone, lift only one arm and the opposite leg at a time, reducing the extension moment and total load on the lumbar spine.

Harder Variations ↑

1

Superman with Long Hold or Pulses

Extend the isometric hold to 10-20 seconds or add small alternating arm/leg pulses ('swimmers') to increase time under tension and endurance demand.

2

Weighted or Ball Superman

Hold light dumbbells or a light plate in the outstretched hands, or perform the extension over a stability ball to increase range and load.

Target Movements (5)

Lumbar ExtensionLumbar Intervertebral Joints
Thoracic ExtensionThoracic Intervertebral Joints
Hip ExtensionHip Joint (Coxofemoral)
Shoulder FlexionGlenohumeral Joint
Scapular Upward RotationScapulothoracic Articulation

Why This Exercise Matters

Everyday activities this exercise helps you do — essential means it directly trains the capacity the task needs:

Goals This Helps With

Rehab, performance, prevention, and mobility goals this exercise supports — essential means it's a cornerstone:

Research Notes

claude-researched 2026-07; muscle/movement links validated against the roster. Adversarial clinical verification pending — do not promote past needs_review without human review.